MY BODY WEIGHT 2

What to do:

1 –Stable diet regime: by being stuck to adjusted quantities of balanced diet for long time, and it is recommended here that diet must be moderate and for long time. It is important here to emphasize that short term diet brings reverse results. In this context, the person is advised to consume mild amounts of proteins, carbohydrates, fruits and vegetables at every meal. He should eat four small meals a day, because refrain from eating for more than 8 hours encourages fat deposition

2-Use of drugs that reduce weight, which are classified into two major groups: first Pharmaceuticals that reduce the appetite of the patient for the food, and these have serious side effects like addiction, depression and high blood pressure. the second group prevents the intestines from absorbing fat. Their side effects are less harmful, including: diarrhea, soaking of cloths and affecting the absorption of some important vitamins for the body, in addition it should be taken immediately after the meal or during it.

3- Liposuction: this is the worst method for weight loss, firstly because of its danger on human life, as it has a relatively high mortality ratio. Secondly, its effectiveness is weak as body weight returns to normal rapidly.

4- Gastric tightening surgery: by resecting out most of it, stapling it or wrapping it by a band. We refer to this method of management in cases of BMI more than 44, where conservative methods are ineffective.

5- Starving for prolonged periods: by starving for 48 h. or more several times each month. It is also very dangerous; because the body tissues will degrade(hydrolyze) body fat to acquire their needs of energy. The waste product of this type of metabolism is toxic and harmful to liver, kidneys and brain.

MY BODY WEIGHT

How can I determine my state of body weight?
The answer is very simple: you can use the body mass index. Simply divide your weight /your height(meters). for example if you weigh 87kg and your height is 176cm then your BMI is 87/((1.76)^2 )=87/3.09  =28 .
The ideal BMI is 20 to 25 ,however up to 31 is not considered as a disease. But when it reaches 31 you should consider diet regime or asking your doctor about the possible treatment. If the BMI reaches 44, this will indicate a dangerous state that threatens patient's life.

CAUSES OF OBESITY

Body weight is the end result of three major factors:
    Nutrition i.e. the total amount of calories taken by the person daily.
    The muscular effort daily done: It depends on the nature of person's job and the physical exercises done by the person.
    Body metabolism: it is dependent on multiple hormonal factors.
But these three factors are affected by indirect causes of obesity, including:
    The style of modern life, where the machine is working in stead of  human beings. Also unhealthy foods, like industrial juices and snacks and soda water (such as Coca-Cola), are available. So, muscular effort decreases and calorie amounts entered into the body increases.
    Inherited factors: such as genetic factors like inherited obesity; some families are known by obesity, as well as pregnancy after the age of forty which leads to delivery of obese babies, as well as when obese persons marry from each other.
    Endocrine causes: most hormonal imbalances cause increase in body weight with the exception of a few of them which may lead to the contrary, such as increasing in the secretions of the thyroid gland, for example.
    Ceasing smoking for addicts.
    Medical drugs: Some drugs may lead to a considerable increase in body weight, such as antidepressants.
    Sleep disorders.

Baby With Inguinal Hernia

 Hernia is a protrusion of abdominal content e.g. intestinal loops, under the skin. Normally; abdominal organs, like intestinal loops, lie behind abdominal wall muscles. When some of these organs protrude through a defect in these  muscles and become palpable under the skin, this is called hernia.

Some babies are born with inguinal hernia, although it might not appear until baby reaches several months of age. At beginning this hernia disappears when the child lies supine on his back, but it protrudes when he cries or be held in erect position. This phenomenon is called reducibility. It can be elicited also by gentle pressure on the hernia.

This disease carries a degree of danger on baby's life; because in many diseased babies the hernia becomes irreducible i.e. it cannot be pushed into the abdomen. The intestine becomes entrapped inside hernia and its blood circulation ceases. After few hours, the intestine ferments and produces harmful toxins while the baby becomes starved and dehydrated due to obstruction of intestinal lumen.

Many of infantile hernias are associated with other problems; like undescended testis and hydrocele.

What to do

This hernia must be treated surgically as soon as possible because the danger of irreducibility is high. Before surgery, the baby must be examined for other anomalies i.e. abnormal organ formation. The hernia and testis must be examined by an ultrasound device to diagnose the exact consistency of the hernia and its content. It also determines the presence or absence of hydrocele.

During surgery the surgeon reduces the intestine into the abdomen and removes the peritoneal protrusion then closes the remaining opening by a suture then he closes the skin.

After that the baby lives normally unless he had other anomalies.

BREAST ULCERS

 Skin ulcer is a spontaneous erosion of skin that lasts for weeks or more. Although this is not the scientific definition but it is more practical for non professionals to identify an ulcer. Breast ulcers measure from few millimeters of diameter up to several centimeters.
A low percentage of breast ulcers are malignant i.e. potentially fatal, but it is not rare. Other causes of breast ulcers include infections and a group of auto-immune diseases. Trauma also can cause ulcers (tight bras for example).

Complications of breast ulcers:

Pain: Infection ulcers are often painful, while other types of ulcers are painless. However, many patients complain of burning sensation or itching.
Bleeding: Ulcer surface is covered by red friable sensitive tissue. Doctors call it: granulation tissue. This tissue easily bleeds on touch, but this bleeding is minimal and not dangerous.
Discharge: Most ulcers secrete minimal amount of colorless discharge, while infection ulcers secrete pus. Sometimes discharge becomes red due to bleeding or green due to infection.
Axillary lumps: Sometimes small multiple masses appear in the axilla. Doctors call them lymph nodes. In case of infection ulcers they are tender. But in case of malignant ulcers they are painless.
Disfigurement: This is important because the vast majority of breast ulcers occur in women, and they might disturb their social life.

Treatment:

This depends on the type of ulcer.
Infection ulcers are treated by the appropriate antibiotic or antifungal drugs, either systemically i.e. injection or tablets, or topically i.e. creams or ointments. Doctors may advise their patients to perform a laboratory investigation called culture and sensitivity test to identify the type of bacteria that caused the ulcer and determine the appropriate antibiotic to use. The specimen is obtained by swabbing secretions from the deepest point of the ulcer that can be reached without surgery.
Auto-immune diseases like Wegener's granuloma can be treated by immunosuppressant drugs like corticosteroids or methotrexate.
All these ulcers must be covered by a sterile dressing to protect ulcer surface from injury and infection
Malignant ulcers are signs of cancer and should be treated without delay because cancer invades more tissues every day and the chance to survive decreases by time.
After accurate diagnosis, the whole tumor and ulcer with lymphatics - if they are invaded - should be removed surgically. Many surgeons prefer to remove the whole breast with lymphatics in one mass i.e. radical mastectomy - to minimize the chance of recurrence of cancer after surgery. 
Cancer patient should receive adjuvant radiotherapy or chemotherapy after surgery.
Some doctors use chemotherapy alone without surgery if cancer is detected early before invading surrounding tissues, But this not the role.

What to do?

 Because breast ulcers harbor the danger of being malignant, so patients need to see a surgeon if it continues for more than one week.

If ulcer does not regress obviously i.e. decrease in diameter and accompanying itch and discharge- within 2 weeks of conservative treatment, then your doctor will proceed into cancer investigations like x ray mammography ,cancer markers in blood and excisional biopsy or fine needle aspiration cytology.